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Streaming

This page covers topics specific to the Streaming processing mode. Please read the common introduction before proceeding. The components which implement aggregates in the time windows (Flink engine only) are covered here.

In the Streaming processing mode the scenario processes events. They are read from Kafka topics and processed by the engine of choice: Flink or Lite. At the end of the scenario, events which represent results or decisions are written to Kafka topic(s).

Prerequisites​

To fully understand how Nussknacker works with Kafka topics, it's best to read the following first:

If you want to use Flink engine, this is also recommended:

Concepts​

Kafka topics are native streaming data input to Nussknacker and the native output where results of Nussknacker scenarios processing are placed. In Nussknacker terminology input topics are called sources, output topics are called sinks. This section discusses Kafka based source and sink components.

It is not uncommon that programs that write events to Kafka topics (“producers”) and programs that read events from Kafka topics (“consumers”) are implemented by different people. If consumers are to understand what producers put into the topic, they need to agree between themselves the data schema - the format and data types of the data transported over Kafka topics. This “contract” is kept in what is called a Schema Registry. Nussknacker is able to read it and use to determine what data is in the event and help with field names and data type related validation of SpEL expressions. You can find some more details on schemas here; sample schemas can be found in the Quickstart.

Notion of time | Flink engine only​

Notion of passing time is very important in dealing with real time events processing. Please see following excellent references to learn about basic concepts:

For Flink engine Flink documentation applies. Certain Nussknacker components make assumptions and have predefined settings, so that the end users don't have to configure all by themselves.

Sources and Sinks - Kafka​

In general following rules apply:

  • We use event time in scenarios to handle notion of passing time
  • Kafka record timestamps are used to assign event time to Flink events
  • Kafka records produced by Nussknacker sinks have timestamp of event (in the sense of event time) that generated them
  • We use bound of order watermark generator, with configurable amount of lateness (see kafka.kafkaEspProperties.defaultMaxOutOfOrdernessMillis property in Configuration for details).

Aggregations, window processing​

If a new event is triggered by e.g. tumbling time window, its timestamp is equal to the time of the timer that generated it, not system time of the moment when it happened. See Aggregates in Time Windows for more details.

Notion of time | Lite engine only​

Lite engine is stateless, so many concepts important for windows or aggregations do not apply, but following rules apply for Kafka sources and sinks:

  • Kafka record timestamps are used to determine time of the event
  • Kafka records produced by Nussknacker sinks have timestamp of event that generated them

Streaming specific components​

Components which perform stateful computations in time windows (Flink engine only) are covered here. The UnionMemo, PreviousValue, Delay components which are also specific to Flink engine are covered in this document.

Kafka source​

Nussknacker will connect to Schema Registry to get the list of available schemas and will pre-populate the Topic name drop down of the kafka source component with the list of available topic names.

Nussknacker knows what data to expect in the Kafka event, so it will hint field names and will perform additional validations on SpEL expressions involving data from the selected topic. You can select the schema version which should be used for that.

Kafka source

Kafka sink​

The kafka sink configuration form will show a list of fields defined in Schema Registry for the given topic. The result of the expression entered in the Key field will be used as a partitioning key when sending the record to Kafka.

Kafka sink

If, instead of filling separate autogenerated fields, you prefer to define the whole output event as one expression containing value to be written to the Kafka topic, you can do that by switching Raw editor to true.

When using the Raw editor, you can choose the validation mode:

  • strict - requires providing all fields, including optional fields, without redundant fields;
  • lax - requires providing only required fields, you can skip optional fields and add redundant fields.

DeadEnd​

dead_end_window

dead-end is a special type of sink that sends your data into the void. It is handy when you want to end your scenario without specifying exact data sink at the moment.

UnionMemo​

(Flink engine only)

union_memo_window

Similarly to Union, UnionMemo node merges branches into one branch, events are emitted on every incoming event and event time is inherited from the incoming event.

There are however important differences in the way UnionMemo works:

  • events from the incoming branches are matched together based on some key value
  • data that arrived from any of the incoming branches will be memoized by the UnionMemo node for time duration defined in stateTimeout. If new event arrives before stateTimeout, the stateTimeout timer is reset

Example: union_memo_example

UnionMemo merges multiple branches into one stream. For each incoming branch two parameters are configured:

  • key - it's value should be of type String, defines how elements from branches will be matched together
  • value - the value of this expression will be put in the output variable with the name the same as branch id

#input variable is no longer available downstream the UnionMemo, a new variable whose name is defined by "Output variable name" parameter will be present instead:

{
  "key": `value of key expression for given event`,
  "branch1": `value of output expression if memoized, otherwise null`,
  "branch2": `value of output expression if memoized, otherwise null`,
  "branch3": `value of output expression if memoized, otherwise null`,
  ...
}

PreviousValue​

(Flink engine only)

previous_value_window

previousValue stores arbitrary value for the given key. This element has two parameters:

  • groupBy - expression defining key for which we compute aggregate, e.g. #input.userId
  • value - stored value

For example, given stream of events which contain users with their current location, when we set

  • groupBy is #input.userId
  • value is #input.location

then the value of the output variable is the previous location for the current user. If this is the first appearance of this user, the current location will be returned.

Delay​

(Flink engine only)

Holds event in the node until event time + delay >= max (event time ever seen by the delay node).

The key parameter will be removed in the future release of Nussknacker, for the time being, configure it to #inputMeta.key.

Periodic​

(Flink engine only)

periodic_window

This source provides functionality of sending a number of given events in a periodic way. It's mainly used for testing.

This source has the following parameters:

  • period - specifies how often events will be sent
  • count - specifies number of event that will be sent every period
  • value - specifies data that event will hold